PartThree

Part Three - Chapters 6-7
__ID Terms and Important Concepts__ Greek Artwork PPT: media type="custom" key="4617742"
 * Chapter 6 (pp. 158-189):**
 * Axial Age --> reason for selection of this term? significance of this term?
 * Zoroaster/Zoroastrianism
 * Ahura Mazda
 * Ahriman
 * Dualism/[|Manichean]
 * Brahmanism (modern term: Hinduism)
 * Jainism/Vardhamana Jnatrputra
 * Buddhism
 * Gautama Siddhartha
 * Nirvana
 * Daoism
 * Laozi
 * Scientific beliefs (see p. 178-179)
 * Jewish people
 * Levant
 * Challenges of using Biblical //and// archaeological sources?
 * Kingdoms of Judah and Israel
 * Babylonian Captivity/Exile
 * Old/Hebrew Testament
 * Covenant
 * Christianity
 * Jesus
 * Challenges of reconstructing Jesus' life? --> see "[|From Jesus to Christ]" - [|Jesus' Many Faces] PBS Website
 * Christ/Messiah/"the annointed" --> context within Jewish belief system?
 * Jesus' key teachings?
 * Jesus' political effects in the Roman Empire (see p. 174)
 * Greek philosophy and belief systems
 * Aristotle
 * Plato -- Plato's Allegory of the Cave from //The Republic//
 * media type="youtube" key="d2afuTvUzBQ" height="344" width="425"
 * concept of Guardians/Philosopher-Kings (see p. 172)
 * Axial Age creation beliefs --> difference from earlier and later creation explanations//?//
 * Axial Age concepts of monotheism --> contrast to Greek, Persian, or Indian cosmology?
 * Axial Age concept of divine love/transcience --> effect on beliefs about hierarchy of living beings?
 * Legalism/Legalists - [|Han Fei, "Legalist Views on Good Government"]
 * Confucianism/Confucius and Mencius
 * contributions to science
 * selections from [|The Analects]
 * Aristotle
 * virtues and benefits of the Republican form of government
 * [|syllogisms] (see p. 177)
 * contributions to science (see p. 178)
 * Pythagoras --> intellectual contributions?
 * Rationalism -- Parmenides; Zeno of Elea
 * Nyaya School
 * Hippocratics
 * theories of health/four substances
 * Hippocrates
 * Indian medicine
 * Arthaveda
 * Susutra
 * Charaka
 * Skepticism
 * Epicurus
 * Pyrrho of Elis
 * Stoicism
 * Zeno of Citium
 * Axial Age networks
 * formal education
 * scholars and patrons

__Blogging Prompts and Critical Questions__
 * Why does Armesto consider the Axial Age such an important period of human history? How does he structure his study of the period differently than other scholars, and what purpose does he hope to achieve in doing this?
 * What similarities and connections do the religious traditions the developed during the Axial Age have with one another?
 * What continuities and disjunctures did these Axial Age religions have with earlier religious traditions?
 * How does Armesto choose to organize his discussion and examination of the beliefs of the Axial Age? What effect does this organization have on the chapter's argument?
 * How did different Axial Age religions treat and employ the concept of monotheism? What factors drove the Jewish conception of monotheism to become the dominant one?
 * How did Biblical conceptions of good and evil, and humankind's place between those two poles, shape political institutions, policies, and philosophies? (e.g. consider Plato, Han Fei, Confucius, etc.)
 * How did modern intellectual fields (math, science, medicine, reason) stem from the religious developments of the Axial Age?
 * What does the map on p. 179 reflect about Axial Age world-views and scientific knowledge? --> e.g. try to read this map as a primary source.
 * What factors contributed to the efflorescence of philosophical schools and theories during the Axial Age?
 * How did scholars connect with political institutions during the Axial Age and what purposes did these connections serve? What connection exists between the scale of a political entity and the extent of intellectual production during a period of political fragmentation versus unification?

__ID Terms and Important Concepts__ 
 * Chapter 7 (pp. 190-229):**
 * Darius I
 * Indian Ocean monsoonal wind currents
 * emporium trading
 * Zhang Qian - Primary Source - Zhang Qian's Western Expedition [[file:Zhang Qian.doc]]
 * Silk Roads/Dunhuang
 * balance of trade -- esp. during the Axial Age between Europe and Asia
 * Persian Empire (P/S/E profile)
 * Cyrus the Great
 * connection to Zoroastrianism
 * gender roles in Persian Empire[[image:EdictsOfAshoka.jpg width="349" height="458" align="right" link="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/India/ashoka-edicts.html"]]
 * Greek and Persian rivalry
 * Macedon/development of Macedonian Empire
 * King Philip of Macedon (Philip II)
 * Alexander the Great (Alexander III)
 * __Resources (not ID Terms)__
 * [|animated map of Alexander's conquests]
 * [|Extensive website full of information on Alexander the Great]
 * Hellenistic World -- period that followed Alexander the Great's death (will deal with more extensively in class)
 * Roman Empire (P/S/E profile)
 * Punic Wars
 * Roman annexations
 * Julius Caesar
 * Germanic populations
 * spread of Roman culture and art/architecture
 * Roman political structure (consuls, Senate, tribunes, etc.) - [|structure of the Roman Government]
 * Caesar Augustus - //princeps//
 * Celts --> parallels and connections to Roman Empire?
 * Mauryan Empire (P/S/E profile)
 * Candragupta (also written Chandragupta Maurya)
 * //Arthasastra --// Primary Source -- [|excerpts from the Arthasastra]
 * Asoka (also written Ashoka)
 * [|Rock Edicts] -- [|link to map of Rock Edicts (larger copy of image on right)]
 * caste system -- connection to Hinduism? (or what Armesto calls "Brahmanism")
 * role of Buddhism?
 * Chinese Empires (P/S/E profile)
 * Qin Dynasty
 * Shi Huangdi
 * Legalism
 * Liu Bang
 * Warring States period
 * Confucianism/place of Confucianism during Qin, Warring States, and Han Dynasties?
 * Han Wudi
 * role of Empress in Han Dynasty
 * Steppelands/Xiongnu Empire
 * Wei Qing
 * Ban Zhao
 * brief overview of contemporaneous developments in Japan and Korea, Eastern Europe, and Mesoamerica
 * Scythians
 * Monte Albán
 * Teotihuacán

__Blogging Prompts and Critical Questions__
 * **In what ways did the political and economic dynamics of the Axial Age reflect contemporary patterns of globalization?**
 * **According to Armesto, what role did commerce connections play in the development of empires? How does his perspective on this process of empire building compare with that of the Conrad-Demarest model?**
 * **How did its geographic location and resources help to encourage the Persian Empire to develop as the first major empire of the Axial Age? --> e.g. Consider a Conrad-Demarest analysis.**
 * **How would the Conrad-Demarest model analyze and interpret Alexander the Great's empire?**
 * **Potential research activity** -- What other historical or contemporary figures have developed a legendary status comparable to Alexander the Great's? Consider those individuals whose lives have been embellished extraordinarily once they died. Why do these particular people appeal so much and develop such large posthumous identities?
 * How would the Conrad-Demarest model analyze and interpret the Roman Empire?
 * How did Roman government structure and society change as the empire steadily expanded in from ~100 BCE - 400 CE?
 * How would the Conrad-Demarest model analyze and interpret the Indian Empires of Candragupta and Asoka?
 * How did Asoka's changed attitudes toward conquest of his empire reflect his own personal religious transformation?
 * How would the Conrad-Demarest model analyze and interpret the Chinese Empire (Qin and Han Dynasties considered together)?
 * In general, how did Axial Age empires interact with and relate to the major ideologies (philosophies, religions, etc.) that developed in the earlier part of this era? Why did this dynamic between the political entity and these various ideologies develop?

__Google Earth Files

Related links and resources__ > media type="custom" key="4246163"
 * [|Link to Armesto's Ch. 6 Review Questions, etc. via Prentice Hall]
 * [|Link to Armesto's Ch. 7 Review Questions, etc. via Prentice Hall]
 * Conrad-Demarest Reading - [[file:conrad-demarest.pdf]]
 * Jared Diamond on "Why Societies Collapse"

__Potential assignment breakdown__ Chapter 6: Chapter 7:
 * Four days - 158-168, 168-174, 175-182, 182-188
 * Three days - 158-168, 168-177, 177-188
 * Four days -
 * Three days -